Wednesday, March 5, 2014
Conformity
Many people nowadays conform in order to fit in with society. Being the black sheep is never a good feeling. Through conformity you can forget who you really are and adopt new values.
Monday, March 3, 2014
Emotion Notes
james-lange theory - experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
emotions - we feel emotion because of biological change cause by stress. the body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.
cannon-bard theory - emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
polygraphy:
catharsis - emotion release, catharsis hypothesis
"releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
feel-good, do-good phenomenon: people's tendency to be helpful (when already in a good mood)
adaptation -level phenomenon: tendency to form judgement related to a "neutral" level. defined by our prior experience.
relative deprivation - perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
emotions - we feel emotion because of biological change cause by stress. the body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.
cannon-bard theory - emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
- physiological responses
- subjective experience of emotion
- be physically arouse
- cognitively label the arousal
polygraphy:
- machine commonly use in attempt to detect lies
- measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotions.
- perspiration, cardiovascular, breathing changes
catharsis - emotion release, catharsis hypothesis
"releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
feel-good, do-good phenomenon: people's tendency to be helpful (when already in a good mood)
adaptation -level phenomenon: tendency to form judgement related to a "neutral" level. defined by our prior experience.
relative deprivation - perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
Motivation Notes
motivation - need or desire that energies and directs behavior.
instinct theory - we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. instinct only explains why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.
drive-reduction theory - idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. usually to maintain homeostasis. we are not only pushed by our needs, but pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
maslow's hierarchy of needs - we are motivated by needs are not created equal. we are not driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.
physiological needs, safety, belonging/love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization.
hunger - bother physiological and psychological. hunger not from our stomach. comes from brain. hypothalamus responsible.
hypothalamus:
lateral: stimulated it makes you hungry. destroyed never hungry.
ventromedial - stimulate you to feel full again.
how does the hypothalamus work?
two theories:
ghrelin increase - stomach - increase hunger
insulin increase - pancreas - increase hunger
leptin increase - fat cells - decrease hunger
ppy increase - digestion factor - decrease hunger
PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER
externals: people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than in internal factors.
eating disorders:
intrinsic motivation - we have we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
extrinsic motivation - rewards that we get for accomplishment from outside ourselves (grades, money, etc.)
MANAGEMENT THEORY - related to intrinsi/extrinsic motivation.
theory X - managers believe employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. think employees extrinsically. only interested in maslow's lower needs.
theory Y - managers believe employees internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal drive. interested in maslow's higher needs.
instinct theory - we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. instinct only explains why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.
drive-reduction theory - idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. usually to maintain homeostasis. we are not only pushed by our needs, but pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
maslow's hierarchy of needs - we are motivated by needs are not created equal. we are not driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.
physiological needs, safety, belonging/love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization.
hunger - bother physiological and psychological. hunger not from our stomach. comes from brain. hypothalamus responsible.
hypothalamus:
lateral: stimulated it makes you hungry. destroyed never hungry.
ventromedial - stimulate you to feel full again.
how does the hypothalamus work?
two theories:
- leptin - protein produced by bloated fat cells.
- hypothalamus sense rise in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity. can lepin injection help me?
- set point - hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.
- we are meant to be in a certain weight range.
- when we fall below weight our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure. (basically metabolism rises)
- glucose
- hormones insulin converts to glucose to fat
- when glucose levels drop - hunger increases
ghrelin increase - stomach - increase hunger
insulin increase - pancreas - increase hunger
leptin increase - fat cells - decrease hunger
ppy increase - digestion factor - decrease hunger
PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER
externals: people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than in internal factors.
eating disorders:
- bulimia nervosa - characterized by binging (eating large amount of foods) and purging (getting rid of the food).
- anorexia nervosa - starving themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. sees themselves as fat and vast majority is never.
intrinsic motivation - we have we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
extrinsic motivation - rewards that we get for accomplishment from outside ourselves (grades, money, etc.)
MANAGEMENT THEORY - related to intrinsi/extrinsic motivation.
theory X - managers believe employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. think employees extrinsically. only interested in maslow's lower needs.
theory Y - managers believe employees internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal drive. interested in maslow's higher needs.
Social Psychology Notes
social psychology - the study of how we think about influence and relate to one another.
social thinking - how we think about one another?
fundamental attribution theory - idea that we give casual explanations for someone's behavior. we credit behavior either to situation or person's disposition.
fundamental attribution error - tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
attitudes - belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon - tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
door-in-the-face phenomenon - tendency for people who say no to huge request, to comply with smaller ones.
cognitive dissonance theory - we do not like it when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions. when they class, we will change our attitude to create balance.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
conformity - adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
asch's study - line study
conditions that strengthen conformity.
normative social influence - influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment.
informative social influence - influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
obedience - milgram's experiment
social facilitation - improve performance of tasks in the presence of others. occurs with task that are difficult or not yet mastered.
social loafing - tendency for people in a group to extent less effort when pooling efforts towards a common goal than if they were individually accountable.
deindividuation - loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
group polarization - concept that a group's attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate.
ex. black panther & KKK
group think - mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making group overrides common sense.
self-fulfilling prophecy - occurs when person's belief about others leads one to act in way that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief.
SOCIAL RELATION
how we relate to others
prejudice - unjustifiable attitude toward a group of people. usually involves stereotyped beliefs (generalized beliefs about a group of people)
social inequalities - a principle reason behind prejudice.
ingroup - "us" people with whom one shares a common identity.
outgroup - "them" those perceived as different than one's ingroup.
ingroup bias - the tendency to favor one's own group.
scapegoat theory - theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
aggression - any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or to destroyed.
PSYCHOLOGY OF AGGRESSION
frustration-aggressive principle:
social traps or prisoner's dilemma
just-world phenomenon - belief that those who suffer deserve their fate.
reciprocity norm - expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
social responsibility - expectation that people help those who
depend on them.
ATTRACTION
proximity - geographical location
mere exposure effect:
similarity - opposites don't attract. birds of a feather flock together. similarity breeds content.
physical attraction
LOVE
passionate love - an aroused state of intense positive attraction of another.
compassionate love - the deep affection attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
compassionate love works because of equity (fair/equal) and self-disclosure (tells everything)
ALTRUISM - unselfish regards for others. ex. kitty genovese
bystander effect - less willing to help if there are other bystanders around.
social exchange theory - idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize cost.
peacemaking - give people superordinate (shared) goals that can only be achieved through cooperation win win situation through mediation.
GRIT - (graduated and reciprocated initiative in feminist reduction) strategy of conflict resolution based on the defusing effort that conciliatory gestures can have on parties in conflict.
social thinking - how we think about one another?
fundamental attribution theory - idea that we give casual explanations for someone's behavior. we credit behavior either to situation or person's disposition.
fundamental attribution error - tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
attitudes - belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon - tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
door-in-the-face phenomenon - tendency for people who say no to huge request, to comply with smaller ones.
cognitive dissonance theory - we do not like it when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions. when they class, we will change our attitude to create balance.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
conformity - adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
asch's study - line study
conditions that strengthen conformity.
- one made to feel important
- group has at least 3 people
- group is unanimous
- one admires the group's status
- one has made no prior commitment
- the person is observed
normative social influence - influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment.
informative social influence - influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
obedience - milgram's experiment
social facilitation - improve performance of tasks in the presence of others. occurs with task that are difficult or not yet mastered.
social loafing - tendency for people in a group to extent less effort when pooling efforts towards a common goal than if they were individually accountable.
deindividuation - loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
group polarization - concept that a group's attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate.
ex. black panther & KKK
group think - mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making group overrides common sense.
self-fulfilling prophecy - occurs when person's belief about others leads one to act in way that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief.
SOCIAL RELATION
how we relate to others
prejudice - unjustifiable attitude toward a group of people. usually involves stereotyped beliefs (generalized beliefs about a group of people)
social inequalities - a principle reason behind prejudice.
ingroup - "us" people with whom one shares a common identity.
outgroup - "them" those perceived as different than one's ingroup.
ingroup bias - the tendency to favor one's own group.
scapegoat theory - theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
aggression - any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or to destroyed.
PSYCHOLOGY OF AGGRESSION
frustration-aggressive principle:
- blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal
- creates anger which generates aggression.
social traps or prisoner's dilemma
just-world phenomenon - belief that those who suffer deserve their fate.
reciprocity norm - expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
social responsibility - expectation that people help those who
depend on them.
ATTRACTION
proximity - geographical location
mere exposure effect:
- perpetuated exposure to something breeds liking.
- mirror image concept
similarity - opposites don't attract. birds of a feather flock together. similarity breeds content.
physical attraction
LOVE
passionate love - an aroused state of intense positive attraction of another.
compassionate love - the deep affection attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
compassionate love works because of equity (fair/equal) and self-disclosure (tells everything)
ALTRUISM - unselfish regards for others. ex. kitty genovese
bystander effect - less willing to help if there are other bystanders around.
social exchange theory - idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize cost.
peacemaking - give people superordinate (shared) goals that can only be achieved through cooperation win win situation through mediation.
GRIT - (graduated and reciprocated initiative in feminist reduction) strategy of conflict resolution based on the defusing effort that conciliatory gestures can have on parties in conflict.
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