Wednesday, February 12, 2014
Placebo Effect
For a treatment that has no known medical effect, it has worked well in many cases. Who knew some illnesses could be cured by such simple things such as sugar pills, sterile water, and saline solution. It is not all based on the treatment itself. The reaction and expectation of the patients plays a big role. This treatment is more of a psychological thing than a medical thing. The more the patient believes that it will work. The better the effect will be.
Research Methods Notes Feb. 5
psychology is a science so data is needed.
hindsight bias - tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you know it all along. overconfidence. tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterization of themselves and take them to be accurate.
APPLIED RESEARCH
independent variable - whatever is being manipulated in experiment.
dependent variable - whatever is being measured in experiment.
operational definitions - explains what you mean in hypothesis and how will the variables be measured in "real life".
descriptive research - we cannot say exactly, but we can describe what we see. any research observed and records.
3 types of descriptive research
hindsight bias - tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you know it all along. overconfidence. tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterization of themselves and take them to be accurate.
APPLIED RESEARCH
- clear, practical
- YOU CAN USE IT!
- basic research explore questions that you may be curious about, but not intended to be immediately used.
independent variable - whatever is being manipulated in experiment.
dependent variable - whatever is being measured in experiment.
operational definitions - explains what you mean in hypothesis and how will the variables be measured in "real life".
descriptive research - we cannot say exactly, but we can describe what we see. any research observed and records.
3 types of descriptive research
- case study
- survey
- naturalistic observation
case study:
- detailed picture of one or a few subject
survey method:
- most common type, measures correlation, cheap & fast
- use interview, mail, phone, internet
- low response rate
random sampling:
- identify population you want to study
- sample must be representation of population you want to study.
reason: false consensus effect. tendency to overestimate event which others there our beliefs & behaviors.
why bad?
- low response
- people lie or just misinterpret themselves
naturalistic observation: watch subject in natural environment. do not manipulate environment.
hawthorne effect: even control group may experience change. just the fact that you are in experiment can cause change.
correlation method: expresses relationship between two variable. does not show causation.
correlation coefficients - number that measures the strength of relationship. gets weaker as closer to 0.
positive correlation - variable same direction
negative correlation - variables go in opposite direction.
experimental research - explores cause & effect of relationships
experimental group - causation of experiment that expose participants to treatment
control group - condition of experiment that serves as comparison for effect of treatment.
blind study - subject unaware of assigned to experiment or control.
double blind study - neither subject nor experimenter know which group is control or experiment.
inferential statistics - use to make an inference or draw a conclusion based on data.
descriptive statistics - describe research.
measure of central tendency - where center of data tends to be?
mode - most frequently occurring scene
median - middle score in order
range - difference between highest & lowest score.
standard deviation - measure of how much sore vary from the mean.
higher is more spread out and low is clustered together.
Monday, February 3, 2014
Post Traumtic Stress Disorder Rates Rising
PTSD is a psychological disorder that has symptoms such as flashbacks and nightmares that can happen after an incident or obscene stressful event. Memories of the event can trigger this anxiety. According to USATODAY, there has been a rise at a rate of 5% of PTSD in our veterans. The cause is the continuous wars that our government has been involved in. After experiences from the war, they come back with PTSD from either physical trauma or just the mental images and emotional stress they have. The V.A. has been trying their best to move the veterans to therapy where they can get help, but it is a struggle as the amount of PTSD veteran patients has increase. While some are getting help, other veterans are not reaching out for help as stated in "because hundreds of thousands seek care elsewhere or not at all." All these wars has caused the decline in mental heath of our veterans and we should do our best to get them help and support them.
Psychological Therapies
treatments based on psychological principles.
BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES: treatment focused on brain with drugs, psychosurgery, or electro convulsive therapies.
PSYCHOANALYTICAL: freud's therapy use for associations, hypnosis, and dream interpretation to gain insight in the client's unconscious.
HUMANISTIC: approach focus of people's potential for self-fulfillment (self-actualization)
SELF-HELP SUPPORT GROUPS: ex. sex offender. talk about crime. sometimes with family and friend help/support.
CLIENT (PERSON) CENTERED THERAPY: developed by CARL ROGERS. use genuineness, acceptance, and empathy to show unconditional positive regime towards the client.
BEHAVIOR THERAPY: applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors.
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION: counterconiditoning that associates pleasant state with gradually increase anxiety triggered stimuli.
EXPOSURE THERAPY: form of desensitization where directly confront the anxiety provoking stimuli.
AVERSIVE THERAPY: counterconditioning associated with the state of unpleasant with unwanted behavior.
TOKEN ECONOMY: a rewards for a desired behavior.
COGNITIVE THERAPY: teach people how to think and act.
PSYCHOPARMACOLOGY: the study of effect of drugs on the mind and behavior.
ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS: (hallucinations, delusions, and agitation) that psychotic and other mental and emotional conditions. helps schizophrenia. they have powerful side effects.
ANTI-ANXIETY DRUGS: increase valiur and librium. depresses nervous system ability. most widely abused drugs.
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS: they lift out of depression. increase neuron transmitter norepinepherine.
prozac, paxil, zolott. works by blocking serotonin and receptacles.
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY: for severe depression in brief electric current sent through brain of anesthetized patient.
BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES: treatment focused on brain with drugs, psychosurgery, or electro convulsive therapies.
PSYCHOANALYTICAL: freud's therapy use for associations, hypnosis, and dream interpretation to gain insight in the client's unconscious.
HUMANISTIC: approach focus of people's potential for self-fulfillment (self-actualization)
- focus on the present and future. (not past)
- focus on conscious thoughts.
- takes responsibility for your actions instead of blaming childhood anxieties.
SELF-HELP SUPPORT GROUPS: ex. sex offender. talk about crime. sometimes with family and friend help/support.
CLIENT (PERSON) CENTERED THERAPY: developed by CARL ROGERS. use genuineness, acceptance, and empathy to show unconditional positive regime towards the client.
BEHAVIOR THERAPY: applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors.
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION: counterconiditoning that associates pleasant state with gradually increase anxiety triggered stimuli.
EXPOSURE THERAPY: form of desensitization where directly confront the anxiety provoking stimuli.
AVERSIVE THERAPY: counterconditioning associated with the state of unpleasant with unwanted behavior.
TOKEN ECONOMY: a rewards for a desired behavior.
COGNITIVE THERAPY: teach people how to think and act.
PSYCHOPARMACOLOGY: the study of effect of drugs on the mind and behavior.
ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS: (hallucinations, delusions, and agitation) that psychotic and other mental and emotional conditions. helps schizophrenia. they have powerful side effects.
ANTI-ANXIETY DRUGS: increase valiur and librium. depresses nervous system ability. most widely abused drugs.
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS: they lift out of depression. increase neuron transmitter norepinepherine.
prozac, paxil, zolott. works by blocking serotonin and receptacles.
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY: for severe depression in brief electric current sent through brain of anesthetized patient.
Psychological Disorders
"harm dysfunction" which behavior is judged by atypical disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable.
it depends on:
some believed afflicted were possessed by evil spirits.
CURRENT PERSPECTIVE
medical perspective: psychological disorders are sicknesses and can be diagnosed, treated, and cured.
bio-psycho-social perspective: biological, psychological, and social culture factors combined to interact causing psychological disorders. use to be called diathesis-stress model. diathesis meaning predisposition and stress meaning environment.
Classifying Psychological Disorders
DSM-IV: diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders, the big book of gallon.
NEUROTIC DISORDER
distressing, but one can still function in society and act rationally.
PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
person lose contact with reality, experiences distorted perception.
ANXIETY DISORDER
group of conditions where primary symptoms are anxiety or defense against anxiety. patients fears something awful will happen. state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, or fear.
PHOBIA
person experiences sudden episode of tense dread and irrational fear.
AGORAPHOBIA: the fear of going out in public and crowded places.
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD)
person is always tense, apprehensive and in state of auto nervous system arousal. worried and fear, feel inadequate, oversensitive, no concentration.
PANIC DISORDER
minute-long episode of intense dread which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, and other frightening sensation.
OBESSIVE-COMPLUSIVE DISORDER
persistent unwanted thoughts (obsession) cause someone to feel the need (compulsive) to engage in a particular action.
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
flashbacks or nightmare after incident in/obscene stressful event. memories of event can cause anxiety.
SOMATOFORM DISORDER
occurs when person manifest a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.
2 types:
hypochondriacs: physical complaints for medical doctor are unable to locate cause. minor issue can indicate more severe illnesses.
conversion disorder
report existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. ex. blindness or paralysis.
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER
these disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process.
3 types:
psychogenic amnesia: person cannot remember things with no physiological issue for the disruption in memory.
resurgence amnesia: not organic amnesia.
dissociative fugue: people with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.
dissociative identity disorder: multiple personality disorder. have several rather than one personality. usually have at least 3.
MOOD DISORDER
experiences extremes or inappropriate emotion.
major depression: unipolar depression. unhappy for at least 2 weeks with no cause. the common cold of psychological disorders.
seasonal affective disorder: experiences depression during winter, based on light. TREATED WITH LIGHT THERAPY.
bipolar disorder: manic depression, high and low.
personality disorder: well established, maladaptive ways of behaving that is negative. affects people's ability to function. dominates personality.
antisocial personality disorder: lack empathy, little regards to other, hostile.
dependent personality disorder: reply too much on the attention and help of others.
histrionic personality disorder: need to be center of attention. whether act silly or dress unique.
narcissistic personality disorder: having sense of self-importance, thing that you are the center of the universe.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
1/100 are diagnosed with it. symptoms: 1. disorganized thinking 2. disturbed perceptions 3. inappropriate emotions and actions.
disorganized thinking: fragmented and bizarre. distorted with false beliefs and selective attention. cannot filter info.
delusions: 1. of persecutions 2. of grandeur.
disturbing perception: hallucinations, sensory experience with sensory stimulation.
inappropriate emotions and actions:
disorganized: imagine the worst. either pathetic or apathetic. disorganized speech.
paranoid: with delusions and hallucinations
catatonic: flat effect, flexibility, copy your speech and movement.
undifferentiated: varied symptoms.
it depends on:
- culture
- time period
- enviromental
- individual
some believed afflicted were possessed by evil spirits.
CURRENT PERSPECTIVE
medical perspective: psychological disorders are sicknesses and can be diagnosed, treated, and cured.
bio-psycho-social perspective: biological, psychological, and social culture factors combined to interact causing psychological disorders. use to be called diathesis-stress model. diathesis meaning predisposition and stress meaning environment.
Classifying Psychological Disorders
DSM-IV: diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders, the big book of gallon.
NEUROTIC DISORDER
distressing, but one can still function in society and act rationally.
PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
person lose contact with reality, experiences distorted perception.
ANXIETY DISORDER
group of conditions where primary symptoms are anxiety or defense against anxiety. patients fears something awful will happen. state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, or fear.
PHOBIA
person experiences sudden episode of tense dread and irrational fear.
AGORAPHOBIA: the fear of going out in public and crowded places.
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD)
person is always tense, apprehensive and in state of auto nervous system arousal. worried and fear, feel inadequate, oversensitive, no concentration.
PANIC DISORDER
minute-long episode of intense dread which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, and other frightening sensation.
OBESSIVE-COMPLUSIVE DISORDER
persistent unwanted thoughts (obsession) cause someone to feel the need (compulsive) to engage in a particular action.
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
flashbacks or nightmare after incident in/obscene stressful event. memories of event can cause anxiety.
SOMATOFORM DISORDER
occurs when person manifest a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.
2 types:
hypochondriacs: physical complaints for medical doctor are unable to locate cause. minor issue can indicate more severe illnesses.
conversion disorder
report existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. ex. blindness or paralysis.
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER
these disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process.
3 types:
psychogenic amnesia: person cannot remember things with no physiological issue for the disruption in memory.
resurgence amnesia: not organic amnesia.
dissociative fugue: people with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.
dissociative identity disorder: multiple personality disorder. have several rather than one personality. usually have at least 3.
MOOD DISORDER
experiences extremes or inappropriate emotion.
major depression: unipolar depression. unhappy for at least 2 weeks with no cause. the common cold of psychological disorders.
seasonal affective disorder: experiences depression during winter, based on light. TREATED WITH LIGHT THERAPY.
bipolar disorder: manic depression, high and low.
personality disorder: well established, maladaptive ways of behaving that is negative. affects people's ability to function. dominates personality.
antisocial personality disorder: lack empathy, little regards to other, hostile.
dependent personality disorder: reply too much on the attention and help of others.
histrionic personality disorder: need to be center of attention. whether act silly or dress unique.
narcissistic personality disorder: having sense of self-importance, thing that you are the center of the universe.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
1/100 are diagnosed with it. symptoms: 1. disorganized thinking 2. disturbed perceptions 3. inappropriate emotions and actions.
disorganized thinking: fragmented and bizarre. distorted with false beliefs and selective attention. cannot filter info.
delusions: 1. of persecutions 2. of grandeur.
disturbing perception: hallucinations, sensory experience with sensory stimulation.
inappropriate emotions and actions:
- laugh at the wrong time
- flat eff (zombie like)
- catatonic (motionless)
disorganized: imagine the worst. either pathetic or apathetic. disorganized speech.
paranoid: with delusions and hallucinations
catatonic: flat effect, flexibility, copy your speech and movement.
undifferentiated: varied symptoms.
Birth of Psychology Notes January 9th, 2014
wilhelm wundt: 1879. psychology's first experiment, birth of a science. established first psychology lab. INTROSPECTION.
edward tichener
structuralism: wundt, titchener, hall. (founders) used introspection to explore the structured elements of the mind. break down mental process into the most basic parts.
STRUCTURALISM IS NOT USED ANYMORE BECAUSE FAULTY
functionalism: reaction to structuralism. sought to explain how our mental and behavior process functions. how do they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish? focused on purpose of behavior.
WILLIAM JAMES STARTED FUNCTIONALISM.
7 perspectives:
biological: seek understand interaction between anatomy and behavior.
behavioral: argue that psychology is study of observatory behavior. behavior is determined by environment and experience not genetics. feeling doesn't matter. everything is trained and learned, nothing is born. KEY PEOPLE: WATSON, SKINNER, PAVLOV
cognitive: thinking. KEY PERSON: JEAN PIAGET
evolutionary: how adaptive behaviors is to our survival. inherit the behavior. NATURAL SELECTION. KEY PERSON: CHARLES DARWIN
humanistic: free will, love, acceptance, positive human nature. KEY PEOPLE: ABRAHAM MASLOW & CARL ROGERS
socialculture: much of behavior and your feelings are dictated by culture you live in .
psychoanalytical/psychodynamic: interaction between the conscious and the unconscious (mental process that we do not normally have access to, but we are influenced by) shape behavior. stress importance of childhood experience and development of personality.
edward tichener
structuralism: wundt, titchener, hall. (founders) used introspection to explore the structured elements of the mind. break down mental process into the most basic parts.
STRUCTURALISM IS NOT USED ANYMORE BECAUSE FAULTY
functionalism: reaction to structuralism. sought to explain how our mental and behavior process functions. how do they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish? focused on purpose of behavior.
WILLIAM JAMES STARTED FUNCTIONALISM.
7 perspectives:
biological: seek understand interaction between anatomy and behavior.
behavioral: argue that psychology is study of observatory behavior. behavior is determined by environment and experience not genetics. feeling doesn't matter. everything is trained and learned, nothing is born. KEY PEOPLE: WATSON, SKINNER, PAVLOV
cognitive: thinking. KEY PERSON: JEAN PIAGET
evolutionary: how adaptive behaviors is to our survival. inherit the behavior. NATURAL SELECTION. KEY PERSON: CHARLES DARWIN
humanistic: free will, love, acceptance, positive human nature. KEY PEOPLE: ABRAHAM MASLOW & CARL ROGERS
socialculture: much of behavior and your feelings are dictated by culture you live in .
psychoanalytical/psychodynamic: interaction between the conscious and the unconscious (mental process that we do not normally have access to, but we are influenced by) shape behavior. stress importance of childhood experience and development of personality.
Psychology Notes January 8th, 2014
psychology: scientific study of behavior and mental process.
behavior: anything that you do that can be observed.
mental processes: internal experience such as thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions.
systematic study: systematic collection and examination of data (empirical evidence) to support or disprove hypothesis (predictions) rather than depending on common sense.
KEY PLAYERS IN HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
roots of psychology can be traced back 2000 years ago to the early philosophers, biologist, and physiologist of ancient greece.
hippocrates: he was greek and thought that the mind/soul reside in the brain. he believed that it was not comprised of physical substance. this is called mind-body dualism, which means the the mind and body as two different things that interact.
plato: 350B.C., greek and believed who we are and what we know are innate.
aristole: who we are and what we know are acquired from experience.
monism: seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing.
john locke: believed that knowledge comes from determination and what we know is from experience. "trabula rasa" meaning blank slate.
rene descartes: believed what we know is innate. "I think therefore I am."
nature: certain elementary idea are innate; not gained through experience. men are born, not made.
nurture: anything we know, we learn through experience.
behavior: anything that you do that can be observed.
mental processes: internal experience such as thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions.
systematic study: systematic collection and examination of data (empirical evidence) to support or disprove hypothesis (predictions) rather than depending on common sense.
KEY PLAYERS IN HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
roots of psychology can be traced back 2000 years ago to the early philosophers, biologist, and physiologist of ancient greece.
hippocrates: he was greek and thought that the mind/soul reside in the brain. he believed that it was not comprised of physical substance. this is called mind-body dualism, which means the the mind and body as two different things that interact.
plato: 350B.C., greek and believed who we are and what we know are innate.
aristole: who we are and what we know are acquired from experience.
monism: seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing.
john locke: believed that knowledge comes from determination and what we know is from experience. "trabula rasa" meaning blank slate.
rene descartes: believed what we know is innate. "I think therefore I am."
nature: certain elementary idea are innate; not gained through experience. men are born, not made.
nurture: anything we know, we learn through experience.
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