Motivation Notes

motivation - need or desire that energies and directs behavior.

instinct theory - we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. instinct only explains why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

drive-reduction theory - idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. usually to maintain homeostasis. we are not only pushed by our needs, but pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

maslow's hierarchy of needs - we are motivated by needs are not created equal. we are not driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.
physiological needs, safety, belonging/love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization.

hunger - bother physiological and psychological. hunger not from our stomach. comes from brain. hypothalamus responsible.

hypothalamus:
lateral: stimulated it makes you hungry. destroyed never hungry.

ventromedial - stimulate you to feel full again.

how does the hypothalamus work?

two theories:

• leptin - protein produced by bloated fat cells.
• hypothalamus sense rise in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity. can lepin injection help me?
• set point - hypothalamus acts like a thermostat. 
• we are meant to be in a certain weight range. 
• when we fall below weight our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure. (basically metabolism rises)

BODY CHEMISTRY

• glucose
• hormones insulin converts to glucose to fat
• when glucose levels drop - hunger increases

onoxin increase - hypothalamus - increase hunger
ghrelin increase - stomach - increase hunger
insulin increase - pancreas - increase hunger
leptin increase - fat cells - decrease hunger
ppy increase - digestion factor - decrease hunger

PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER
externals: people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than in internal factors.

eating disorders:

• bulimia nervosa -  characterized by binging (eating large amount of foods) and purging (getting rid of the food). 
• anorexia nervosa - starving themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. sees themselves as fat and vast majority is never. 

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
intrinsic motivation - we have we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
extrinsic motivation - rewards that we get for accomplishment from outside ourselves (grades, money, etc.)

MANAGEMENT THEORY - related to intrinsi/extrinsic motivation.
 theory X - managers believe employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. think employees extrinsically. only interested in maslow's lower needs.

theory Y - managers believe employees internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal drive. interested in maslow's higher needs.