Developmental Psychology

the study of you from womb to tomb. .
study how we change psychically, socially, cognitively, & morally over our life tim.

nature v.s nurture:
nature: way you were born
nurture: way you are raised

psychical development: psychical change over time.
prenatal development: conception begins with drop of egg and sperm. sperm seeks out the egg and attempts to penetrate the egg surface.
 once the sperm penetrates egg and have fertilized egg  called zygote: first stage of prenatal development. last about 2 weeks and consist of rapid cell division.

zygote: less than 1/2 of zygotes survive 1st 2 weeks.
about 10 days after conception, the zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall.
the outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta ( which filled with nutrients)
2 weeks after, zygot develops into embryo.
6 weeks and heart begins to beat and organs begin to develop.

fetus: 9 weeks. fetus by about 6th month, stomach and other organs have formed enought to survive outside of mother.
at this time the baby can hear ( and recognize) sources and respond to light.

teratogene: chemical agents that harm the prenatal enhiko.

• alcohol ( FAS)
• other std can harm baby ex. HIV

healthy new born: turn head towards voices. see up to 12 in. from their faces. gazes longer at human like objects right form birth.

reflex: inborn automatic responses.
rooting: baby's tendency when touched on the cheeck to open the mouth and search for the nipple.

• sucking
• grasping
• moro
• babinski

maturation: physical growth regardless of environment.

puberty: period of several maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

primary sexual characteristics: body structure that have reproducing possibility. penis, testis, vagina, ovaries

secondary sexual characteristics: non-reproducive sexual characteristics. ex. widening of hips, deepen voice, breast developments, and body hair.

landmarks for puberty: menarche for girls/ first ejaculation for boys ( spermarche)

adulthood: physical peak. then goes downhill.
physical milestone: menopause

death: elizabeth kubler:

1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance

social development: up until about a year, instant don't mind stange people.
stranger anxiety: instant encounter stranger and experience anxiety.
seperation anxiety - child is seperated from their parents.
attachment: harry harlon and his monkey. shows that monkeys need touch to form attachment.

critical period: the optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development.
those who are deprived of touch have trouble forming attachment when they are older.

types of attachment:

1. secure
2. avoidant
3. anxious/ambivilant

parenting styles:

1. authoritarian (parents)
2. permissive (kids)
3. authoritative ( both)

erik erikson: neo-freudian, work with anna freud. thought our personality was influenced by our experience with others.

trust vs. mistrust: ( ages 0-2 years)
can baby trust the world to fulfill its needs?
trust or mistrust they develop.

atonomy vs. shame  and doubt: (1-3 years)

• toddlers begin to control bodies (toilet)
• temper tantrums; big word is "NO"
• can learn control or they doubt themselves.

initiative vs. guilt: (3-6 yrs)

• "NO" to why?
• wants to understand world and ask
• are they good or bad.

industry vs. inferiority: (6-12 yrs)

• school begins
• we are 1st time evaluated by formal system
• successful or failure?
• can lead to us feeling bad about ourselves for the rest of our lives...inferiority complex.

identity vs.  role confusion: (early teens: 13-15)
in which ask who am i? and what group do i fit in with?

intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood)
have to balance work and relationship.
what are my priorities?

generationity vs. stagnation: ( 40-50)

• is everything going as planned?
• am i happy with what i created?
• mid-life crisis

integrity vs. despair:
look back on life. was my life meaningful or do i have regrets?

cognitive development: though that kids were stupid version of adults. jean piaget. kids learn differently than adults.

schema: children view the world through schema ( as do adults for the most part)
schema are way we interpret the world around us. it is basically what you picture in your head when you think of everything.

assimilation: incorporating new experiences into existing schema.
accommodation:  changing an existing schema to adopt to new information.

stages of cognitive development:

• sensorimotor: experience world though senses.
• do no have object permanance.
• 0-2

preoperational stage

• have object permanence
• begins to use language to represent ideas and objects
• egocentric: cannot look at world thought anyone's eyes but their own. 
• 2-7

conservation: idea that a quantity remains the same despite change in appearance and is part of logical thinking.

concrete operational stage: can demonstrate concept of conservation. learn to think logically.

formal operational stage: abstract reasoning, manipulate objects in mind with out seeing them. hypothesis testing, trial and error, metacognition, not every adult gets to this stage.

types of intelligence:

crystallized intelligence:

• accumulated knowledge
• increase with age

fluid intelligence:

• sbility to solve problems quickly and think abstractly
• peaks in 20;'s and decrease over time.

moral development by lawrence kohlberg
pre-conventional morality: based on rewards and punishments. if rewarded, okay. punished, act must be wrong.

conventional morality: look at morality based on how others see you.  if peers/society, thinks it is from then so do you.

post -conventional morality - board on self-defined ethical principle your own personal set of ethnics.