Memory

Memory:
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Memory Process:

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

Encoding: the processing of information into the memory system.

Storage: the retention of encoded material over time.

Retrieval: the process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Recall Vs. Recognition:

• with recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory
• with recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets

Flashbulb Memory: a clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Types of Memory:

• Sensory: immediate, initial recording of sensory information stored just for an instant, must get unprocessed.
• Short-term: memory that holds only a few items (7 digits), the information will be stored into long-term or forgotten.
• Long-term: relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory syste

 

Encoding

Automatic Processing:
-unconscious encoding of incidental information
-you encode space, time, and word meaning
-things become automatic with practice

Effortful Processing:
-encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
-rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique
-through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic

the next-in-line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.

Spacing Effect:
-we encode better when we study or practice over time.

 Serial Positioning Effect: Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Types of Encoding:

• Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words.
• Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
• Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

Mnemonic Devices: use imagery, like my "peg word"
Chunking:
-organizing items into familiar, manageable units
-often it will occur automatically

Types of Retrieval Failure:

• Proactive Interference: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
• Retroactive Interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Misinformation Effect: incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.