hindsight bias - tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you know it all along. overconfidence. tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterization of themselves and take them to be accurate.
APPLIED RESEARCH
- clear, practical
- YOU CAN USE IT!
- basic research explore questions that you may be curious about, but not intended to be immediately used.
independent variable - whatever is being manipulated in experiment.
dependent variable - whatever is being measured in experiment.
operational definitions - explains what you mean in hypothesis and how will the variables be measured in "real life".
descriptive research - we cannot say exactly, but we can describe what we see. any research observed and records.
3 types of descriptive research
- case study
- survey
- naturalistic observation
case study:
- detailed picture of one or a few subject
survey method:
- most common type, measures correlation, cheap & fast
- use interview, mail, phone, internet
- low response rate
random sampling:
- identify population you want to study
- sample must be representation of population you want to study.
reason: false consensus effect. tendency to overestimate event which others there our beliefs & behaviors.
why bad?
- low response
- people lie or just misinterpret themselves
naturalistic observation: watch subject in natural environment. do not manipulate environment.
hawthorne effect: even control group may experience change. just the fact that you are in experiment can cause change.
correlation method: expresses relationship between two variable. does not show causation.
correlation coefficients - number that measures the strength of relationship. gets weaker as closer to 0.
positive correlation - variable same direction
negative correlation - variables go in opposite direction.
experimental research - explores cause & effect of relationships
experimental group - causation of experiment that expose participants to treatment
control group - condition of experiment that serves as comparison for effect of treatment.
blind study - subject unaware of assigned to experiment or control.
double blind study - neither subject nor experimenter know which group is control or experiment.
inferential statistics - use to make an inference or draw a conclusion based on data.
descriptive statistics - describe research.
measure of central tendency - where center of data tends to be?
mode - most frequently occurring scene
median - middle score in order
range - difference between highest & lowest score.
standard deviation - measure of how much sore vary from the mean.
higher is more spread out and low is clustered together.
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