Wednesday, March 5, 2014
Conformity
Many people nowadays conform in order to fit in with society. Being the black sheep is never a good feeling. Through conformity you can forget who you really are and adopt new values.
Monday, March 3, 2014
Emotion Notes
james-lange theory - experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
emotions - we feel emotion because of biological change cause by stress. the body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.
cannon-bard theory - emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
polygraphy:
catharsis - emotion release, catharsis hypothesis
"releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
feel-good, do-good phenomenon: people's tendency to be helpful (when already in a good mood)
adaptation -level phenomenon: tendency to form judgement related to a "neutral" level. defined by our prior experience.
relative deprivation - perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
emotions - we feel emotion because of biological change cause by stress. the body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.
cannon-bard theory - emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
- physiological responses
- subjective experience of emotion
- be physically arouse
- cognitively label the arousal
polygraphy:
- machine commonly use in attempt to detect lies
- measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotions.
- perspiration, cardiovascular, breathing changes
catharsis - emotion release, catharsis hypothesis
"releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
feel-good, do-good phenomenon: people's tendency to be helpful (when already in a good mood)
adaptation -level phenomenon: tendency to form judgement related to a "neutral" level. defined by our prior experience.
relative deprivation - perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
Motivation Notes
motivation - need or desire that energies and directs behavior.
instinct theory - we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. instinct only explains why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.
drive-reduction theory - idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. usually to maintain homeostasis. we are not only pushed by our needs, but pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
maslow's hierarchy of needs - we are motivated by needs are not created equal. we are not driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.
physiological needs, safety, belonging/love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization.
hunger - bother physiological and psychological. hunger not from our stomach. comes from brain. hypothalamus responsible.
hypothalamus:
lateral: stimulated it makes you hungry. destroyed never hungry.
ventromedial - stimulate you to feel full again.
how does the hypothalamus work?
two theories:
ghrelin increase - stomach - increase hunger
insulin increase - pancreas - increase hunger
leptin increase - fat cells - decrease hunger
ppy increase - digestion factor - decrease hunger
PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER
externals: people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than in internal factors.
eating disorders:
intrinsic motivation - we have we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
extrinsic motivation - rewards that we get for accomplishment from outside ourselves (grades, money, etc.)
MANAGEMENT THEORY - related to intrinsi/extrinsic motivation.
theory X - managers believe employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. think employees extrinsically. only interested in maslow's lower needs.
theory Y - managers believe employees internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal drive. interested in maslow's higher needs.
instinct theory - we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. instinct only explains why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.
drive-reduction theory - idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. usually to maintain homeostasis. we are not only pushed by our needs, but pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
maslow's hierarchy of needs - we are motivated by needs are not created equal. we are not driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.
physiological needs, safety, belonging/love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization.
hunger - bother physiological and psychological. hunger not from our stomach. comes from brain. hypothalamus responsible.
hypothalamus:
lateral: stimulated it makes you hungry. destroyed never hungry.
ventromedial - stimulate you to feel full again.
how does the hypothalamus work?
two theories:
- leptin - protein produced by bloated fat cells.
- hypothalamus sense rise in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity. can lepin injection help me?
- set point - hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.
- we are meant to be in a certain weight range.
- when we fall below weight our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure. (basically metabolism rises)
- glucose
- hormones insulin converts to glucose to fat
- when glucose levels drop - hunger increases
ghrelin increase - stomach - increase hunger
insulin increase - pancreas - increase hunger
leptin increase - fat cells - decrease hunger
ppy increase - digestion factor - decrease hunger
PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER
externals: people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than in internal factors.
eating disorders:
- bulimia nervosa - characterized by binging (eating large amount of foods) and purging (getting rid of the food).
- anorexia nervosa - starving themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. sees themselves as fat and vast majority is never.
intrinsic motivation - we have we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
extrinsic motivation - rewards that we get for accomplishment from outside ourselves (grades, money, etc.)
MANAGEMENT THEORY - related to intrinsi/extrinsic motivation.
theory X - managers believe employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. think employees extrinsically. only interested in maslow's lower needs.
theory Y - managers believe employees internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal drive. interested in maslow's higher needs.
Social Psychology Notes
social psychology - the study of how we think about influence and relate to one another.
social thinking - how we think about one another?
fundamental attribution theory - idea that we give casual explanations for someone's behavior. we credit behavior either to situation or person's disposition.
fundamental attribution error - tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
attitudes - belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon - tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
door-in-the-face phenomenon - tendency for people who say no to huge request, to comply with smaller ones.
cognitive dissonance theory - we do not like it when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions. when they class, we will change our attitude to create balance.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
conformity - adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
asch's study - line study
conditions that strengthen conformity.
normative social influence - influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment.
informative social influence - influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
obedience - milgram's experiment
social facilitation - improve performance of tasks in the presence of others. occurs with task that are difficult or not yet mastered.
social loafing - tendency for people in a group to extent less effort when pooling efforts towards a common goal than if they were individually accountable.
deindividuation - loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
group polarization - concept that a group's attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate.
ex. black panther & KKK
group think - mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making group overrides common sense.
self-fulfilling prophecy - occurs when person's belief about others leads one to act in way that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief.
SOCIAL RELATION
how we relate to others
prejudice - unjustifiable attitude toward a group of people. usually involves stereotyped beliefs (generalized beliefs about a group of people)
social inequalities - a principle reason behind prejudice.
ingroup - "us" people with whom one shares a common identity.
outgroup - "them" those perceived as different than one's ingroup.
ingroup bias - the tendency to favor one's own group.
scapegoat theory - theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
aggression - any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or to destroyed.
PSYCHOLOGY OF AGGRESSION
frustration-aggressive principle:
social traps or prisoner's dilemma
just-world phenomenon - belief that those who suffer deserve their fate.
reciprocity norm - expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
social responsibility - expectation that people help those who
depend on them.
ATTRACTION
proximity - geographical location
mere exposure effect:
similarity - opposites don't attract. birds of a feather flock together. similarity breeds content.
physical attraction
LOVE
passionate love - an aroused state of intense positive attraction of another.
compassionate love - the deep affection attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
compassionate love works because of equity (fair/equal) and self-disclosure (tells everything)
ALTRUISM - unselfish regards for others. ex. kitty genovese
bystander effect - less willing to help if there are other bystanders around.
social exchange theory - idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize cost.
peacemaking - give people superordinate (shared) goals that can only be achieved through cooperation win win situation through mediation.
GRIT - (graduated and reciprocated initiative in feminist reduction) strategy of conflict resolution based on the defusing effort that conciliatory gestures can have on parties in conflict.
social thinking - how we think about one another?
fundamental attribution theory - idea that we give casual explanations for someone's behavior. we credit behavior either to situation or person's disposition.
fundamental attribution error - tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
attitudes - belief or feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon - tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
door-in-the-face phenomenon - tendency for people who say no to huge request, to comply with smaller ones.
cognitive dissonance theory - we do not like it when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions. when they class, we will change our attitude to create balance.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
conformity - adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
asch's study - line study
conditions that strengthen conformity.
- one made to feel important
- group has at least 3 people
- group is unanimous
- one admires the group's status
- one has made no prior commitment
- the person is observed
normative social influence - influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment.
informative social influence - influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
obedience - milgram's experiment
social facilitation - improve performance of tasks in the presence of others. occurs with task that are difficult or not yet mastered.
social loafing - tendency for people in a group to extent less effort when pooling efforts towards a common goal than if they were individually accountable.
deindividuation - loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
group polarization - concept that a group's attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate.
ex. black panther & KKK
group think - mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making group overrides common sense.
self-fulfilling prophecy - occurs when person's belief about others leads one to act in way that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief.
SOCIAL RELATION
how we relate to others
prejudice - unjustifiable attitude toward a group of people. usually involves stereotyped beliefs (generalized beliefs about a group of people)
social inequalities - a principle reason behind prejudice.
ingroup - "us" people with whom one shares a common identity.
outgroup - "them" those perceived as different than one's ingroup.
ingroup bias - the tendency to favor one's own group.
scapegoat theory - theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
aggression - any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or to destroyed.
PSYCHOLOGY OF AGGRESSION
frustration-aggressive principle:
- blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal
- creates anger which generates aggression.
social traps or prisoner's dilemma
just-world phenomenon - belief that those who suffer deserve their fate.
reciprocity norm - expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
social responsibility - expectation that people help those who
depend on them.
ATTRACTION
proximity - geographical location
mere exposure effect:
- perpetuated exposure to something breeds liking.
- mirror image concept
similarity - opposites don't attract. birds of a feather flock together. similarity breeds content.
physical attraction
LOVE
passionate love - an aroused state of intense positive attraction of another.
compassionate love - the deep affection attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
compassionate love works because of equity (fair/equal) and self-disclosure (tells everything)
ALTRUISM - unselfish regards for others. ex. kitty genovese
bystander effect - less willing to help if there are other bystanders around.
social exchange theory - idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize cost.
peacemaking - give people superordinate (shared) goals that can only be achieved through cooperation win win situation through mediation.
GRIT - (graduated and reciprocated initiative in feminist reduction) strategy of conflict resolution based on the defusing effort that conciliatory gestures can have on parties in conflict.
Wednesday, February 12, 2014
Placebo Effect
For a treatment that has no known medical effect, it has worked well in many cases. Who knew some illnesses could be cured by such simple things such as sugar pills, sterile water, and saline solution. It is not all based on the treatment itself. The reaction and expectation of the patients plays a big role. This treatment is more of a psychological thing than a medical thing. The more the patient believes that it will work. The better the effect will be.
Research Methods Notes Feb. 5
psychology is a science so data is needed.
hindsight bias - tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you know it all along. overconfidence. tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterization of themselves and take them to be accurate.
APPLIED RESEARCH
independent variable - whatever is being manipulated in experiment.
dependent variable - whatever is being measured in experiment.
operational definitions - explains what you mean in hypothesis and how will the variables be measured in "real life".
descriptive research - we cannot say exactly, but we can describe what we see. any research observed and records.
3 types of descriptive research
hindsight bias - tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you know it all along. overconfidence. tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterization of themselves and take them to be accurate.
APPLIED RESEARCH
- clear, practical
- YOU CAN USE IT!
- basic research explore questions that you may be curious about, but not intended to be immediately used.
independent variable - whatever is being manipulated in experiment.
dependent variable - whatever is being measured in experiment.
operational definitions - explains what you mean in hypothesis and how will the variables be measured in "real life".
descriptive research - we cannot say exactly, but we can describe what we see. any research observed and records.
3 types of descriptive research
- case study
- survey
- naturalistic observation
case study:
- detailed picture of one or a few subject
survey method:
- most common type, measures correlation, cheap & fast
- use interview, mail, phone, internet
- low response rate
random sampling:
- identify population you want to study
- sample must be representation of population you want to study.
reason: false consensus effect. tendency to overestimate event which others there our beliefs & behaviors.
why bad?
- low response
- people lie or just misinterpret themselves
naturalistic observation: watch subject in natural environment. do not manipulate environment.
hawthorne effect: even control group may experience change. just the fact that you are in experiment can cause change.
correlation method: expresses relationship between two variable. does not show causation.
correlation coefficients - number that measures the strength of relationship. gets weaker as closer to 0.
positive correlation - variable same direction
negative correlation - variables go in opposite direction.
experimental research - explores cause & effect of relationships
experimental group - causation of experiment that expose participants to treatment
control group - condition of experiment that serves as comparison for effect of treatment.
blind study - subject unaware of assigned to experiment or control.
double blind study - neither subject nor experimenter know which group is control or experiment.
inferential statistics - use to make an inference or draw a conclusion based on data.
descriptive statistics - describe research.
measure of central tendency - where center of data tends to be?
mode - most frequently occurring scene
median - middle score in order
range - difference between highest & lowest score.
standard deviation - measure of how much sore vary from the mean.
higher is more spread out and low is clustered together.
Monday, February 3, 2014
Post Traumtic Stress Disorder Rates Rising
PTSD is a psychological disorder that has symptoms such as flashbacks and nightmares that can happen after an incident or obscene stressful event. Memories of the event can trigger this anxiety. According to USATODAY, there has been a rise at a rate of 5% of PTSD in our veterans. The cause is the continuous wars that our government has been involved in. After experiences from the war, they come back with PTSD from either physical trauma or just the mental images and emotional stress they have. The V.A. has been trying their best to move the veterans to therapy where they can get help, but it is a struggle as the amount of PTSD veteran patients has increase. While some are getting help, other veterans are not reaching out for help as stated in "because hundreds of thousands seek care elsewhere or not at all." All these wars has caused the decline in mental heath of our veterans and we should do our best to get them help and support them.
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